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Item: 225294264696
Denomination:Denarius
Composition:Silver
Certification:NGC
Year:18/19 AD
Certification Number:5872454-002
KM Number:Spoerri-Butcher p. 74; Mazard 132; MAA 174 var. (same); SNG Copen
eBay Kingdom of Mauretania Juba II – King of Numidia: 30 B.C. – 25 BC as King of Mauretania Caesariensis: 25 B.C. – 23 A.D. JUBA II and CLEOPATRA SELENE Silver Denarius 18mm (2.65 grams) Caesarea in Mauretania mint, dated RY 43 struck 18/19 A.D. Reference: Spoerri-Butcher p. 74; Mazard 132; MAA 174 var. (same); SNG Copenhagen –. Certification: NGC Ancients AU Strike: 4/5 Surface: 4/5 5872454-002 REX IVBA, Diademed head of Juba II as Heracles wearing lion-skin and club over shoulder right. Draped bust of Cleopatra Selene as Africa right, wearing elephant skin; two spears to left, grain ear and RXXXXIII (date) to right. Extremely rare, only the example that Mazard saw in Algiers is published, but Spoerri-Butcher could not verify its existence. Cleopatra Selene (Moon), the last ruler of the Ptolemaic dynasty, was the daughter of Mark Antony and Cleopatra, born in about 40 BC; her fraternal twin was named Alexander Helios (Sun). After her parents’ deaths in the Civil War (30 BC), Octavian, the future Augustus Caesar, brought Cleopatra and her siblings home and they were raised by Octavia, his sister. In 26 BC, Augustus arranged for Cleopatra to marry Juba II, king of Numidia, and provided a rich dowry in return for him making his kingdom a province of Rome. Juba and Cleopatra returned to Africa as client rulers of an adjacent kingdom, Mauritania, retained its nominal independence until the reign of Caligula (AD 37-41). The date of Cleopatra’s death is a mystery; she was thought to have died in AD 6 as Juba is known to have remarried around this time (to Glaphyra, a princess of Cappadocia), but coins bearing Cleopatra Selene’s name are known that bear the regnal date equivalent to AD 17, indicating she was still alive and queen of Mauritania at this time. Juba II or Juba of Mauretania Caesariensis (Latin: Iuba/Juba; Ancient Greek: Ἰóβας, Ἰóβα or Ἰούβας;[1] c. 48 BC – AD 23) was the client King of Numidia and Mauretania Caesariensis, succeeding his Numidian father Juba I. Aside from his very successful reign, he was a highly respected scholar and author. His first wife was Cleopatra Selene II, daughter of Egyptian Queen Cleopatra VII of Ptolemaic Egypt and Roman Triumvir Mark Antony. Juba II was a Berber prince from Numidia. He was born in Hippo Regius (now Annaba, Algeria). He was the only child and heir of King Juba I of Numidia; his mother’s identity is unknown. In 46 BC, his father was defeated by Julius Caesar (in Thapsus, North Africa) and in 40 BC Numidia became a Roman province. His father had been an ally of the Roman General Pompey. Several modern scholars cite his age at Caesar’s Triumph in 46 BC as four or six giving rise to the typically cited birth year range of 52-50 BC, which his biographer, Duane Roller, believes is incorrect. Roller instead places his birth in early 48 BC because the Greek term brefos was used for him which means literally fetus but can figuratively mean youth. The word for a child of age 4 to 6 is pais which was not used for him in the ancient sources. Therefore, Roller places his age in the triumph at anywhere from 2 months to 2 years, which actually indicates a birth year range between 48 and 46 BC. Juba II was brought to Rome by Julius Caesar and he took part in Caesar’s triumphal procession. In Rome he learned Latin and Greek, became romanized and was granted Roman citizenship. Through dedication to his studies, he is said to have become one of Rome’s best educated citizens, and by age 20 he wrote one of his first works entitled Roman Archaeology. He was raised by Julius Caesar and later by his great-nephew Octavian (future Emperor Augustus). While growing up, Juba II accompanied Octavian on military campaigns, gaining valuable experience as a leader. He fought alongside Octavian in the Battle of Actium in 31 BC. In 30 BC, Octavian restored Juba II as king of Numidia. Juba II established Numidia as an ally of Rome. Probably as a result of his services to Augustus in a campaign in Hispania, between 26 BC and 20 BC the Emperor arranged for him to marry Cleopatra Selene II, giving her a large dowry and appointing her queen. In 25 BC, Numidia became a Roman province and Juba II received Mauretania as his kingdom. According to Strabo, upon the deaths of the Mauretanian kings Bogus and Bocchus, who were both allies of the Romans, Juba II succeeded to the Mauretanian kingdom, having received it from Augustus, in addition to his paternal dominions. When Juba II and Cleopatra Selene moved to Mauretania, they named their new capital Caesaria (modern Cherchell, Algeria), in honour of Augustus. The construction and sculpture projects at Caesaria and another city, Volubilis, display a rich mixture of Egyptian, Greek and Roman architectural styles. Cleopatra is said to have exerted considerable influence on Juba II’s policies. Juba II encouraged and supported the performing arts, research of the sciences and research of natural history. Juba II also supported Mauretanian trade. The Kingdom of Mauretania was of great importance to the Roman Empire. Mauretania engaged in trade all across the Mediterranean, particularly with Spain and Italy. Mauretania exported fish, grapes, pearls, figs, grain, wooden furniture and purple dye harvested from certain shellfish, which was used in the manufacture of purple stripes for senatorial robes. Juba II sent a contingent to Iles Purpuraires to re-establish the ancient Phoenician dye manufacturing process. Tingis (modern Tangier), a town at the Pillars of Hercules (modern Strait of Gibraltar) became a major trade centre. In Gades, (modern Cádiz) and Carthago Nova (modern Cartagena) in Spain, Juba II was appointed by Augustus as an honorary Duovir (a chief magistrate of a Roman colony or town). The value and quality of the Mauretanian coinage became highly regarded. The Greek historian Plutarch describes him as ‘one of the most gifted rulers of his time’. Between 2 BC and AD 2, he travelled with Gaius Caesar (a grandson of Augustus), as an advisor to the Eastern Mediterranean. In AD 21, Juba II made his son Ptolemy his co-ruler. Juba II died in AD 23. Juba II was buried alongside his first wife in the Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania. Ptolemy then became the sole ruler of Mauretania. Cleopatra Selene II (Greek: Κλεοπάτρα Σελήνη; summer 40 BC – c. 5 BC; the numeration is modern) was a Ptolemaic princess and Queen of Mauretania. She was the most important royal woman in the early Augustan age. Cleopatra Selene was the only daughter of Greek Ptolemaic Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt and Roman Triumvir Mark Antony. In the Donations of Antioch and of Alexandria, she was made ruler of Cyrenaica and Libya. After Antony and Cleopatra’s defeat at Actium and their suicides in Egypt in 30 BC, Selene and her brothers were brought to Rome and placed in the household of Octavian’s sister, Octavia the Younger, a former wife of her father. Selene eventually married Juba II of Numidia and Mauretania. She had great influence in Mauretania’s government decisions, especially regarding trade and construction projects. During their reign, the country became extremely wealthy. The couple had a son and successor, Ptolemy of Mauretania. Through their granddaughter Drusilla, the Ptolemaic line intermarried into Roman nobility for many generations. Queen of Mauretania In 25 BC, Augustus decided to confer on Juba and Selene the newly created client kingdom of Mauretania as Numidia had been turned into the Roman province of Africa Nova in 46 BC. The young rulers renamed their new capital Caesarea (modern Cherchell, Algeria), in honor of the Emperor. Mauretania was a vast territory, but lacked organization. Cleopatra Selene is said to have exercised great influence on the policies which Juba promoted. She imported many important advisers, scholars, and artists from her mother’s royal court in Alexandria to serve in Caesarea. Through the couple’s influence, the Mauretanian kingdom flourished.
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